Jenny Metz 
Alcohol is widely recognized as the oldest abused drug in human history, deeply woven into human culture, rituals, and social life for thousands of years. While alcohol has long been accepted and even celebrated, its widespread availability and social normalization have also contributed to significant health, social, and economic harm. Understanding alcohol abuse through a … Read more
The Public Health Perspective Theory of Addiction views substance use and addiction as population-level health concerns that affect individuals, families, and entire communities. Rather than focusing solely on personal behavior, this approach examines patterns of substance use, risk factors, and protective factors across populations. It emphasizes prevention, early intervention, harm reduction, and equitable access to … Read more
The Sociological Approach Theory of Addiction explains substance use as a result of social environments rather than individual choice alone. It highlights how family dynamics, peer influence, cultural norms, economic conditions, and access to resources shape addiction risk. By focusing on social stressors like poverty, discrimination, and isolation, this approach shifts the focus from blame … Read more
The Disease Model Theory of Addiction explains addiction as a chronic, relapsing medical condition that involves changes in brain structure, function, and behavior. Rather than viewing addiction as a failure of character or willpower, this model recognizes the role of genetics, brain chemistry, mental health, and environmental factors in driving substance use. Understanding addiction through … Read more
The Moral View Theory of Addiction interprets substance use as a personal weakness or moral failure, rather than a complex health condition. Although this perspective has been largely replaced by scientific and public health models, its influence persists in the form of stigma, shame, and judgment toward people with addiction. This stigma can discourage help-seeking, … Read more
Addiction does not develop in isolation, nor does it affect all individuals equally. Research shows that people with genetic vulnerability, early exposure to substances, untreated mental health conditions, trauma histories, chronic stress, and limited social support are most susceptible to developing addiction. Identifying these risk factors early is critical for prevention and long-term health. Effective … Read more
Recovery success rates vary across different types of addiction, shaped by biological dependence, brain changes, social conditions, and access to treatment. Opioid use disorder is often identified as having one of the lowest long-term recovery success rates due to intense physical dependence, high relapse risk, and structural barriers such as stigma and limited access to … Read more
For decades, addiction was often addressed through “tough love,” an approach rooted in the belief that strict consequences, confrontation, and emotional withdrawal would force individuals to stop using substances. However, advances in neuroscience and behavioral health have shown that addiction is a complex medical and psychological condition involving changes in brain function, emotional regulation, and … Read more
As cannabis use becomes more widely accepted, understanding its potential side effects is increasingly important. Although often viewed as low-risk, frequent or long-term use can cause physical, psychological, and behavioral effects such as memory impairment, anxiety, digestive issues, reduced motivation, and dependence. Managing these effects requires more than individual effort alone and is most effective … Read more
Addiction-related gastrointestinal and liver disorders are serious but often preventable health consequences of substance misuse. Alcohol, drugs, and improperly used medications place continuous stress on the digestive system and overwhelm the liver’s ability to detoxify the body. Over time, this can lead to chronic stomach irritation, ulcers, constipation, hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and even life-threatening … Read more